Subodh Bhattarai (English & Communication Notes - BBA/BBS/BBBS/BHM/BIM//MBA/MBS & +2)

  RESTRICTIVE & NON - RESTRICTIVE A restrictive clause modifies the noun that precedes it in an essential way.   Restrictive clauses limit or identify such nouns and cannot be removed from a sentence without changing the sentence’s meaning.  A nonrestrictive clause , on the other hand, describes a noun in a nonessential way. Because restrictive clauses provide key, identifying information, they are often referred to as essential clauses , and nonrestrictive clauses are also called nonessential clauses for the opposite reason.  Restrictive Clauses Narrow Things Down Restrictive clauses are usually introduced by the relative pronouns that, who, whom , or whose . A restrictive clause can have an identifying function. The astronaut who first stepped on the moon was Neil Armstrong. The restrictive clause in this sentence is who first stepped on the moon . If we remove it from the sentence, we would be left with this: The astronaut was Neil Armstrong. There is nothing

References :   English.  (2020). Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Bagmati, Nepal: Curriculam Development Centre, Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. https://www.booktrust.org.uk/books-and-reading/tips-and-advice/writing-tips/writing-tips-for-teens/how-to-write-a-book-review/ https://www.tru.ca/__shared/assets/Book_Movie_Review_Template30235.pdf https://iesbecquer.com/images/departamentos/Ingles/12.(PRE-INTERMEDIATE)WRITING%20A%20BOOK-FILM%20REVIEW.pdf

 

 

  ABILITY can, can’t, could, couldn’t are used to express ability: Can you drive? Help! I can’t swim. Could you understand what he is saying? She couldn’t dance very well. # can have a present and a future meaning. I can finish it tomorrow . # could have a past meaning I could swim when I was five. We can also use  be able to for ability, and it’s easier to do this in the past and future : I can’t do it now. I will be able to do it later . They were able to complete the job last week. We use be able to in the present perfect tense : I have been able to type three of the letters, but I haven’t been able to type the other one. We are more likely to use be able to when something was difficult : At first we couldn’t do it because there was a problem, but finally we were able to do it. We use this/these to refer to the people and things, situations and experiences that are close to the speaker or very close in time. We use that/those to refer to people and th

S + V + O || Subject + Verb + Object Simple Past Tense S + Past Form of the Verb + O  E.g. He wrote a letter. Past Continuous Tense S + was/were + V + ING + O  E.g. I was writing a letter.   Past Perfect Tense S + had + Past Participle (PP.) of the Verb + O  E.g. She had written a letter.   Past Perfect Continuous Tense S + had been + V + ING + O + since/for  E.g. We had been writing a letter since morning. Simple Present Tense S + V + O  E.g. You write a letter. Present Continuous Tense S + is/am/are + V + ING + O  E.g. She is writing a letter. Present Perfect Tense S + has/have + Past Participle (PP.) of the Verb + O  E.g. They have written a letter. Present Perfect Continuous Tense S + has been/have been + V + ING + O + since/for  E.g. You have been writing a letter for three hours. Simple Future Tense S + will/shall + V + O  E.g. We shall write a letter. Future Continuous Tense S + will be/shall be + V + ING + O  E.g. She will be co