Subodh Bhattarai (English & Communication Notes - BBA/BBS/BBBS/BHM/BIM//MBA/MBS & +2)

During the twentieth century new mode of literary criticism developed. This criticism was developed by Ferdinand de Saussure , Gerole Gennette , Greims and Todorov . Structuralists gave priority to how the meaning of the text is produced rather than the meaning itself. Structuralism is a psychological approach that emphasize studying the elemental structures of consciousness. Structuralists view society and its rule as expressions of deep structures, often binary codes that express our primary natures. A systematic study of such codes is semiotics, which was later hijacked by  Post-structuralists  as evidence that language alone provides a true reality. Ferdinand de Saussure was the father of modern linguists. According to him, Sign =  Signifier/Signified . Signifier is the sound image whereas signified is concept image. It is possible to find cultural link between signifier and signified. Structuralists view that every literary work contains a structure. The structure might be

The Nightmare Life without Fuel   is an essay, which depicts the life of this world in coming future when the fuel resources will have reduced from their source. The main thrust of this essay is: what is going to happen if we do not conserve the world’s natural resources. Asimov focuses on a specific problem that will arise by the lack of fuels. This whole world is run by different resources such as petrol, diesel, water, wood, etc. We cannot imagine this world without the use of fuel. In comparison to the past days, we are now facing the problem of scarcity of fuel resources. Earlier these resources were found in large quantity and life style was easier.  The writer has described about the condition of America in the late nineties on the fuel crisis. On the one hand the writer has presented advantages and disadvantages of the fuel crisis and on the other hand he has shown the burning problem of the world which is created by fuel crisis. There are some advantages of not enough fuel

W ILLIAM COWPER William is a romantic poet. Like his other literary works, this is also a romantic poem representing nature. He describes the difference in the environment and natural beauty before and after the poplar trees are fallen down. With example of poplar trees, the poet wants to show the real phase of human life according to rule of nature. The poem The Poplar Field is about natural conservation. It shows the poet’s affiliation towards nature in rural life, which is remarkable for his celebration of the rural and nostalgic tone. The poet strongly rejects the sinful deeds to the natural resources especially the poplar trees in this poem. The poet is in favor of forestation to maintain ecological balance. Deforestation is really a great challenge to the world and it has affected the poet emotionally. Through this poem, he wants to give message that it is not good to chop down trees. The poet also compares the chopping down of trees to a man’s life and death. From t

REFERENCE: http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/lit.crit.html New Criticism is one of several ways of looking at and analyzing literature. It is a form of criticism that gives importance to the textual properties of the text. Close reading of the text is theory of New Criticism. According to this theory, we should judge books the same way. Rather than worrying about the author's background or our own reactions to a book, we should evaluate it based  only on the text itself . New Criticism went on to become a popular method of literary analysis throughout the middle of the twentieth century. New critical approach focuses the attention on the literary text as the only sources of interpretation. Rather than giving importance to historical background, social background and biographical background; New Critics give importance to the textual elements. When the critics value plot, character, language, form, image and so on, it is the new critical approach of interpreting th

1. Boiling an Egg: Place the eggs at the bottom of a saucepan. Cover with at least an inch or two of cold water. Heat the pot on high heat and bring the water to a full rolling boil. Adding a teaspoon of vinegar to the water may help keep egg whites from running out if an egg does crack while cooking. Also some people find adding 1/2 teaspoon of salt to the water helps prevent cracking as well as making the eggs easier to peel. Depending on how cooked you like your hard boiled eggs, the eggs should be done perfectly in 10-12 minutes. When ready to eat, peel the egg and enjoy. 2. Making Coffee: Life without coffee is not worth living. Coffee is humanity's most important source of caffeine, which is basically necessary to get out of bed in the morning. And although freshly ground coffee is preferable, instant coffee will do in a pinch. Boil some water in an electric kettle, then wait for the water to stop simmering. Water above 90°C/194°F will scorch the coffee and dest