Subodh Bhattarai (English & Communication Notes - BBA/BBS/BBBS/BHM/BIM//MBA/MBS & +2)

Structuralism is a psychological approach that emphasized studying the elemental structures of consciousness. The term “structure” as we know it is a term that evokes/provokes the idea of order. Structuralism in the field of linguistics is based upon the realization that if human actions/productions have a meaning, there must be an underlying system of distinctions and conventions which makes this meaning possible. So, structuralism is a set of theories in the humanities, social sciences and economics. It can be described as approach in academic disciplines in general that explores the relationships between fundamental principal elements in language, literature, and other fields upon which some higher linguistic, social or cultural “structures” and “structural networks” are drawn. Through these networks meaning is produced within a particular person, system or culture. The meaning then frames and motivates the actions of individuals and groups. Like New Criticism , Structuralis

-Rudyard Kipling This story is written by Rudyard Kipling. In this story, the writer has shown his bitter view of the world. The Gardener ends surprisingly revealing the reality of Helen Turrell, the protagonist, and her relationship with Michael Turrell. Michael, whom Helen calls nephew, is in reality, her son whose father is unknown throughout the story. The gardener is a mysterious character who does not appear at first and in the middle but only at the last of the story creating confusions in the readers. Helen hides the truth about Michael till the end of the story, but she does not show any reaction when the gardener confidently says he will tell where her son lies. When Helen became pregnant she was ashamed because she was not married. She left her home in England to have the baby in the south of France. When she returned to England, she pretended that the baby was in real her brother’s child. Her brother, George Turrell, lived in India but he had died falling off his ho

Joan Didion ‘ In Bed ’, an essay by Joan Didion depicts her personal experiences with migraine headache, which she inherits from her parents. She presents something unusual about the disease in a more philosophical and meditative domain of thought. Joan spends her day in bed there almost five times a month because of the migraine headache. She knows that she is going to be attacked by the headache when she feels some sort of irritation and flow of blood in the vessels of her brain. To avoid the attack she takes some medicines and starts to work. In her earlier days, she thought that she would get rid of the disease just by denying it. Sometimes she even tells lies saying that she did not have the attack frequently. But the truth was that sometimes the attack was quite violent and long lasting. However, she feels good that she does not have any other physical problems, such as brain tumor, eyestrain or high blood pressure. She also tries to do all her normal work in spite of i