Subodh Bhattarai (English & Communication Notes - BBA/BBS/BBBS/BHM/BIM//MBA/MBS & +2)

Necessary & Sufficient Conditions Necessary and sufficient conditions help us understand and explain the connections between concepts, and how different situations are related to each other.   NECESSARY CONDITIONS To say that X is a necessary condition for Y is to say that the occurrence of X is required for the occurrence of Y (sometimes also called an essential condition ). In other words, if there is no X, Y would not exist. Examples:   Having four sides is necessary for being a square.   Infection by HIV is necessary for developing AIDS.   To show that X is not a necessary condition for Y, we simply find a situation where Y is present but X is not. Examples:   Eating meat is not necessary for living a healthy life. There are plenty of healthy vegetarians.   Being a land animal is not necessary for being a mammal. Whales are mammals, but they live in the sea.   In daily life, we often talk about necessary conditions . When we say kindling requires oxygen , this is equivalent t

 A Complete Summary of  An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity  Semester V Paper V Subject Code: BBBS355 Introduction Thinking and Writing Clearly Definitions Necessary & Sufficient Conditions Linguistic Pitfalls Truth Basic Logic Identifying Arguments Valid and Sound Arguments Inductive Reasoning Argument Mapping Argument Analysis Scientific Reasoning Mill’s Method Reasoning About Causation Diagrams of Casual Process Statistics and Probability Thinking about Values Fallacies Cognitive Biases Analogical Reasoning Making Rational Decisions What is Creativity? Creative Thinking Habits Bibliography Lau, J. Y. (2011).  An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity: Think More, Think Better.  New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.    QUESTIONS TO PRACTICE PART 1: Subjective Questions 1.        How can we improve critical thinking skills? 2.        Do you agree with these remarks? Explain your answers.  a)        Critical thinking is too negative because we are always