Subodh Bhattarai (English & Communication Notes - BBA/BBS/BBBS/BHM/BIM//MBA/MBS & +2)

  Chapter 8:  THEORY   AND   STYLE :  NEXT   STEPS 1.       LINGUISTICS AND LITERARY CRITICISM •     Linguistics  is the scientific study of language, including its structure, development, and use. It encompasses the study of the sounds (phonetics and phonology), the words (morphology), the sentences (syntax), and the meaning (semantics) of language, as well as the social and cultural contexts in which language is used. •     Literary criticism , on the other hand, is the analysis and interpretation of literary works, including their themes, characters, plot, and style. It seeks to understand and evaluate literature from various perspectives, including historical, cultural, and theoretical frameworks. •     Linguistics and literary criticism intersect (come together) in various ways. Linguistics provides tools and methods for analysing language use in literary works, such as the use of literary devices like metaphor and allusion, and the relationship between language and meaning. Liter

  COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES Comparative Adjectives We use  comparative   adjectives   to show change or make  comparisons: This car is certainly  better ,   but it's much  more expensive . I'm feeling  happier   now. We need a  bigger  garden. We use  than  when we want to  compare one thing with another : She is two years older  than  me. Narayanghad is much bigger  than  Pokhara. He is a better player  than  Ronaldo. France is a bigger country  than  Britain. When we want to  describe how something or someone changes  we can use two comparatives with “ and ” : The balloon got  bigger and bigger . Everything is getting  more and more expensive . Grandfather is looking  older and older .  We often use “ the ”  with comparative adjectives to  show that one thing depends on another : The faster  you drive,  the more dangerous  it is.   (= When you drive faster, it is more dangerous.) The higher  they climbed,  the colder  it got.   (= When they climbed higher, it g

  CHAPTER 19: FALLACIES •     The word fallacy is often used to describe a popular mistaken belief. “ Fat is bad ” might be said to be a fallacy, since many people do not know that some fats are good for health.  •     However, such factual mistakes are not regarded as fallacies in critical thinking.  •     A  fallacy   is a mistake that violates the principles of correct reasoning. Under this definition, a person can commit a fallacy without making any factual error. Suppose someone argues as follows: •     Some cats have short tails . Some cats have black hair . Some cats have  short tails  and  black hair .  •     This is not a good argument because the  conclusion does not follow from the premises . It is quite possible that those cats with short tails are different from those with black hair. Of course, as a matter of fact, some cats have both short tails and black hair. So the premises and the conclusion are all true. But this is still a bad argument. Someone who accepts this arg