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SECTION 1: Language Development - UNIT 7: Ecology and Development


Foresters without Diplomas 


  1. Match the words with their meanings.
    1. constituency - (iv) electron district
    2. pursue - (iii) to follow in an effort to overtake or capture 
    3. infiltrate - (v) to enter or gain access to (an organisation, place etc.) secretly and gradually
    4. nomadic - (ii) living the life of roaming
    5. anatomy - (vi) art of studying the different parts of any organised body
    6. subversive - (i) seeking or intended to overthrow an established system or institution  
  2. Study the following words.

    PREFIX

    WORDS

    PREFIX

    WORDS

    mal

    maldevelopment, malpractice, malfunction, malnourished, malnutrition

    mis

    misbehave, misplace, misfortune, misspell, mistrust, mismatch, misshaped, mislead, mistake, 

    un

    unable, unhappy, unfair, untrue, uncertain, untidy, unwell, unclear

    in

    inactive, incomplete, insufficient, independent, incompatible, incredible, indefinitely  

    pre

    prepaid, predetermine, preview, prehistorically, predeterminers, preconscious, predefining, prediction, prefixes, predate,

    il

    illegal, illegible, illiterate, illogical, illegitimate, il-luck  

    dis

    disloyal, disobey, dishonest, discontinue, disown, disagree, disappear, disqualify

    im

    impolite, immoral, impartial, immature, impossible, immortal, imperfect, impatient

    re

    remix, repay, reuse, revise, refresh, return, retrieved, revenge

    ir

    irregular, irresponsible, irrelevant, irrational, irrespective 

    de

    derail, depart, degrade, decant (pour out), deactivate, deindustrialise, deconstruction, decompositions, depletion   

    non

    nonprofit, nonstop, nonsense, nonfat, nonsensical, nonpoisonous, nonsmoker, non-existence, nonstick, nonperishable  

Grammar


Transitive, Intransitive and Linking Verbs

All verbs have a subject (the person or thing that does the action). The difference between linking, intransitive and transitive verbs is whether or not they have an object (the person of thing that gets the action).

  • A transitive verb requires a direct object to finish its meaning.

            Example: He (subject) plays (transitive verb) violin (direct object).

    Mother baked the cake.

    Who made this mess?

    The driver saw the deer in time to hit the brakes. 

    We are going to need a bigger boat.

    She hate filling out forms. 

  • An intransitive verb does not need a direct object to complete its meaning.

    Example: She (subject) laughs and smiles (compound intransitive verb).

    We talked for hours. (for hours is a prepositional phrase)

    The audience laughed loudly. (loudly is an adverb)

    The train is on time for once. (on time/for once are prepositional phrase)

    Hari sneezed loudly.

  • A linking verb is a verb that links a subject to the rest of the sentence. Common linking verbs are: become, seem, appear, feel, look, taste, smell, sound, and be. 

    Example, Since the oil spill, the beach has smelled bad.

    They (subject) seem (linking verb) joyful (adjective complement).

    She (subject) is becoming (linking verb) a superb musician (noun complement).

    The winner (subject) is (linking verb) you (pronoun complement).

    She is my sister. (She = sister)

    Her feet were cold. (feet = cold)

    My sister was named the favourite to win. (sister = favourite) 

SC = Subject Compliment 

DO = Direct Object 

Linking Verbs

Intransitive Verbs

Transitive Verbs

Take a subject complement

Take no object

take one object: a direct object (mono - transitive verbs)


take two objects: an indirect object + direct object (di - transitive verbs)

Cannot be Passive

Can be Passive

Mary is a nurse. (S+V+SC)

They are teachers.

I feel unwell. 

She is my friend.

I am feeling tired. 

He fainted. (S+V)

She cried.

Our car broke down. 

She coughed bitterly.

Our car broke down in Butwal. 

Tell him to sit down.

Mono-transitive

He kicked the ball. (S+V+ DO) 

Do you love me?

Pick it up and throw it away.

I don’t want  a new scooter.

Ditransitive

Gita passed Sita the ball.

Who teaches him English?


Linking verbs do not make sense if used alone: they need a “subject complement” to complete their meaning.

Many intransitive verbs can make sense if used alone.

Transitive verb’s action is transferred from the subject to object.


He reads at night.

He is reading a book. (Mono-transitive)

He read Mary the letter. (Ditransitive)


  1. Underline the verb in each sentence and write whether it is transitive, intransitive or linking.
    1. His father looks handsome. (Linking Verb)
    2. Bhawana drinks milk everyday. (Transitive Verb)
    3. He became a watchman. (Linking Verb)
    4. This bread smells good. (Linking Verb)
    5. The dog barked loudly. (Intransitive Verb)
    6. He chased the dog. (Transitive Verb)
    7. My sister swims fast. (Intransitive Verb)
    8. He painted a picture. (Transitive Verb)
    9. Radhika always asks questions. (Transitive Verb)
    10. Anjana has a long hair. (Linking Verb)

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