SECTION 1: UNIT 11: ARTS AND CREATION WHY IS RENAISSANCE IMPORTANT?

UNIT 11: ARTS AND CREATION

WHY IS RENAISSANCE IMPORTANT?

WAYS WITH WORDS

1. Circle the correct meanings of the underlined words.
1. 
   Martin Luther started a revolt against the conventions of the Roman Catholic Church.
   i. styles ii. creations iii. customs iv. writings
   iii. customs
2. It blended classical styles with new ideas.
   i. separated ii. corrected iii. put side by side iv. mixed together
   iv. mixed together
3. The dome marks the beginning of Renaissance architecture.
   i. indicates ii. tells iii. serves as a sign of iv. makes
   iii. serves as a sign of
4. The arts flourished during the Renaissance.
   i. were almost forgotten ii. grew and improved
   iii. discovered iv. stayed about the same
   ii. grew and improved
5. The new passion for learning also led to amazing discoveries in science.
   i.enthusiasm ii. emotion iii. logic iv. power
   i. enthusiasm

3. What do the following idioms mean? Use them in sensible sentences. 
1. a hot potato : a problem, situation, etc. that is difficult to deal with and cause a lot of disagreement / a controversial issue or situation which is awkward to deal with (The abortion issue is a political hot potato in Nepal.)
2. once in a blue moon : not very often (My sister lives in Kathmandu, so I only see her once in a blue moon.)
3. a bed of roses : easy option (How can you make your life a bed or roses without working very hard?)
4. when pigs fly : something will never happen (The bus station will be renovated when the pigs fly.)
5. miss the boat : be too slow to take advantage of an opportunity (If you don't pay attention in class, you'll miss the boat and do badly in your exams.)
6. zip your lip : to say nothing or stop talking (Shut up Hari! Zip your lip!)
7. fight tooth and nail : fight very fiercely (I'm going to fight tooth and nail for that promotion.)
8. when life gives you a lemon : make the best out of a difficult situation (My father lost his job due to the coronavirus, but he decided to keep busy and active. He says, “when life gives you lemons, make lemonade.”)
9. goose egg : a zero score in a game (He answered every question wrong in the quiz and got a goose egg.)

3. Match the following phrasal verbs with their meanings. 
1. break down - xi. to stop functioning (vehicle, machine)
2. check out - ix. to leave a hotel
3. fed up - vii. tired of something or someone
4. fill out - xii. to complete a form
5. get away - x. to escape
6. give away - viii. to give something to someone for free
7. give up - iii. to quit a habit
8. look forward to - vi. to wait anxiously for something or an event
9. make up - ii. to invent a story or lie
10. pass away - v. to die
11. put out - i. to extinguish (fire)
12. take off - iv. to remove clothes or shoes from the body, to depart as in airplane

GRAMMAR

A relative clause is a clause that we use to describe a noun. It basically has the same function as an adjective. For example we can say “I have a new bike” or we can use a relative clause and say “I have a bike which is new”. We put a relative clause immediately after the noun it describes. 

We use the words like ‘who’, ‘which’ and ‘that’ at the beginning of a relative clause. These words are called relative pronouns. We use ‘who’ for people, ‘which’ for things and animals, and ‘that’ for people, things and animals. Examples,  

I know a man, who lives on a boat.

She has a dog which is brown and black./seldom barks.

He lives in a house which/that looks very luxurious.

A defining relative clause identifies who or what we are speaking about. It is essential in a sentence because we need it in order to know who or what someone is describing. 

A non-defining relative clause just gives us more information about who or what we are speaking about. It is not essential in a sentence because it just adds more information about who or what we are describing.

A non-defining relative clause is separated from the main part of the sentence by comma (,), whereas a defining relative clause is not separated from the main part of the sentence with comma. 

We separate a non-defining relative clause from the main part of the sentence by commas because it is additional information, whereas we don't separate a defining relative clause from the main part of the sentence by commas because it is essential information which is needed to clarify who or what we are speaking about.

We can use the word ‘that’ instead of ‘who’ or ‘which’ in defining relative clauses but not in non-defining relative clauses. For example we can say “the town that I live in is beautiful” but we cannot say “Manigram, that I live in, is beautiful.”

2. Complete the following sentences with correct relative pronouns and write whether the clauses are defining or non-defining. 
1. That's the house where I was born. (defining)
2. My aunt Nita, who is a journalist, is coming to visit next week. (non-defining)
3. People who like outdoor activities will love our holidays. (defining)
4. The early 1960s, when the Beatles first started, was a very exciting time in pop culture. (non-defining)
5. My essay on Shakespeare, which I found quite difficult, got a really good mark in the end. (non-defining)
6. The Mayans, who lived in Central America, built many stunning temples. (non-defining)
7. That's the girl whose brother is in your class. (defining)
8. The snake that/which was in the garden last week belongs to our next-door neighbour. (defining) 

a. That's the house where I was born. (Defining)

b. My aunt Nita, who is a journalist, is coming to visit next week. (Non-defining)

c. People who like outdoor activities will love our holiday package. (Defining)

d. Monsoon, when temperatures are higher, sees higher rainfall. (Non-defining)

e. They went to the cinema at New Road, which was built last year. (Non-defining)

f. The Mayans, who lived in Central America, built many stunning temples. (Non-defining)

g. That's the girl whose brother is in your class. (Defining)

h. The snake which was in the garden last week belongs to our next-door neighbor. (Defining)

i. I sometimes go and study in my local park, where I can get some fresh air. (Defining)

j. The hotel, where we've stayed at several times, is simple but clean. (Non-defining)

2. Join the following pairs of sentences with appropriate relative clause. 
1. He is a musician. His albums have sold millions.
   He is a musician whose albums have been sold millions.
2. Amelia speaks English and Chinese fluently. She is from Shanghai.
   Amelia, who speaks English and Chinese fluently, is from Shanghai.
3. That's the stadium. Real Madrid plays there.
   That’s the stadium where Real Madrid plays.
4. Dublin is my favourite city. It is the capital of Ireland.
   Dublin, which is the capital of Ireland, is my favourite city.
5. The person was really helpful. They spoke to him.
   The person who they spoke to was really helpful. 
6. This smartphone takes great photos. I bought it last week.
   This smartphone, which I bought last week, takes great photos.  

References:

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/relative-clauses-defining-and-non-defining

https://www.callanschool.info/en/free-english-resources/construcciones-gramaticales-subordinadas-en-ingles-2016